Cellosaurus - SARS-CoV-2 relevant information
Table of contents
(A) Cell lines that have successfully been used to grow SARS-CoV-2
(B) Cell lines shown to be not suitable to grow SARS-CoV-2
(C) Cellular vaccine cell lines
(D) Hybridomas producing mAB against SARS-CoV proteins and that could be used against SARS-CoV-2
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Version 5 of March 31, 2020
(A) Cell lines that have successfully been used to grow SARS-CoV-2
(A-1) Vero cell linesThe following three "Vero" kidney cell lines are widely used to grow SARS-CoV-2 in the following decreasing order of efficiency.
1) VeroE6/TMPRSS2 (CVCL_YQ49)
- According to Matsuyama et al. (PubMed=32165541): "VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells are superior to other cell lines tested in this study for SARS-CoV-2 isolation."
2) Vero C1008 (better known as Vero E6) (CVCL_0574)
- According to Matsuyama et al. (PubMed=32165541): "However, the viral RNA copies in the VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cell culture supernatants were >100 times greater than those from VeroE6 cells."
- According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935): "We found that the virus replicates to high titer in Vero-CCL81 cells and Vero E6 cells in the absence of trypsin." (also see figure 3A)
- According to Wang et al. (PubMed=32020029): "Vero E6 cells were infected with nCoV-2019BetaCoV/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.05 in the presence of varying concentrations of the test drugs."
- According to Zhu et al. (PubMed=31978945): "Virus isolation from the clinical specimens was performed with human airway epithelial cells and Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines" and "No specific cytopathic effects were observed in the Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines until 6 days after inoculation."
- According to Lokugamage et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.07.982264): "Using Vero E6 cells, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 maintains similar viral replication kinetics as SARS-CoV following a low dose infection."
- According to Kim et al. (PubMed=32149036): "The SARS-CoV-2 could replicate in other cells (Vero E6 and Caco-II cells), in addition to Vero cells (data not shown)."
Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a Vero E6 cell (blue) heavily infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus particles (orange), isolated from a patient sample. Image captured and color-enhanced at the NIAID Integrated Research Facility (IRF) in Fort Detrick, Maryland. Credit: NIAID
3) Vero (CVCL_0059)
- According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935): "We found that the virus replicates to high titer in Vero-CCL81 cells and Vero E6 cells in the absence of trypsin." (also see figure 3A)
- According to Matsuyama et al. (PubMed=32165541): "the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs in the culture supernatants of Vero, Calu-3, and A549 cells 48 h p.i. was low."
- According to Sheahan et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.19.997890): "NHC strongly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero cells with an IC50 of 0.3muM and CC50 of >10muM."
- According to Kim et al. (PubMed=32149036): "The virus replicated in Vero cells and cytopathic effects were observed."
- According to Ou et al. (PubMed=32221306): "Huh7 and Vero 81 cells also gave about 10-fold increase in luciferase activities when transduced by SARS-CoV-2."
(A-2) Other cell lines
According to Kim et al. (PubMed=32149036): "The SARS-CoV-2 could replicate in other cells (Vero E6 and Caco-II cells), in addition to Vero cells (data not shown)."
Calu-3 (CVCL_0609)
- According to Matsuyama et al. (PubMed=32165541): "the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs in the culture supernatants of Vero, Calu-3, and A549 cells 48 h p.i. was low."
- According to Ou et al. (PubMed=32221306): "Calu3 is highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated entry" and "Compared to mock control, SARS-CoV-2 S pseudovirions showed an over 500-fold increase in luciferase activities in Calu3 cells, at a level similar to SARS-CoV S pseudovirions."
HEK293T (CVCL_0063)
According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935):
"both HUH7.0 and 293T cells showed only modest viral replication" (also see figure 3A).
Huh-7 (CVCL_0336)
- According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935): "both HUH7.0 and 293T cells showed only modest viral replication" (also see figure 3A).
- According to Zhu et al. (PubMed=31978945): "Virus isolation from the clinical specimens was performed with human airway epithelial cells and Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines" and "No specific cytopathic effects were observed in the Vero E6 and Huh-7 cell lines until 6 days after inoculation."
- According to Ou et al. (PubMed=32221306): "Huh7 and Vero 81 cells also gave about 10-fold increase in luciferase activities when transduced by SARS-CoV-2."
LLC-MK2 (CVCL_3009)
According to Ou et al. (PubMed=32221306):
"LLCMK2 cells, a rhesus monkey kidney epithelium cell line, exhibited different susceptibility to SARS-CoV S and SARS-CoV-2 S transduction, but the reasons for this are currently not known and require further investigation."
(B) Cell lines shown to be not suitable to grow SARS-CoV-2
A-549 (CVCL_0023)Does not seem to be well suited for this purpose:
- According to Matsuyama et al. (PubMed=32165541): "the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNAs in the culture supernatants of Vero, Calu-3, and A549 cells 48 h p.i. was low."
- According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935): "A549 cells were incompatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection" (also see figure 3A).
Efk3B from bat (CVCL_GZ34)
According to Harcourt et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.02.972935):
"In addition, SARS-CoV-2 failed to replicate in the bat EFK3B cells which are susceptible to MERS-CoV." (also see figure 3A).
(C) Cellular vaccines cell lines
A number of companies and academic organisations are developing cell-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. To do so they are using different parent cell lines.CHO-K1 (CVCL_0214) or one of its many derivatives seems to be used by CSIRO (https://www.theage.com.au/national/coronavirus-outbreak-how-the-covid-19-vaccine-is-being-made-20200220-p542rh.html: "On February 21 the team's vaccine draft was sent to the CSIRO's manufacturing facility in the Melbourne suburb of Clayton, and manufacturing of a pilot dose began. The facility houses a 200-litre fermenting vat that will be filled with a "soup" of Chinese hamster ovary cells - the best cells for the task - in a nutritious goo."
K-562 (CVCL_0004) is used by Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc.; see Ji et al. (DOI=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100026): "Engineered Spike-1 protein is expressed on the surface of K562 human myelogenous leukemia cells via introduction of expression constructs into the cellular genome allowing for stable expression of the transgene. Stable-modified K562 clones are selected, profiled for Spike-1 expression as well as overall immunogenic potency, and prepared as GMP master cell bank to be used for large scale manufacturing. Irradiated cells are formulated as vaccine product and administered via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection."
PER.C6 (CVCL_G704) is used by Johnson & Johnson (https://www.jnj.com/coronavirus): "Johnson & Johnson is mobilizing resources of its Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies in response to the outbreak to develop a possible preventive vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, leveraging Janssen's AdVac (R) and PER.C6 (R) technology, that provide the ability to rapidly upscale production of the optimal vaccine candidate."
(D) Hybridomas producing mAB against SARS-CoV proteins and that could be used against SARS-CoV-2
Against spike protein (S) [UniProtKB; P59594]- 47D11 (not yet in Cellosaurus): according to Wang et al. (DOI=10.1101/2020.03.11.987958): "Four of 51 SARS-S hybridoma supernatants displayed ELISA-cross-reactivity with the SARS2-S1 subunit (S residues 1-681), of which one (47D11) exhibited cross-neutralizing activity of SARS-S and SARS2-S pseudotyped VSV infection."
- F26G1 (not yet in Cellosaurus): see DOI=10.1089/15368590477412975
- F26G6 (not yet in Cellosaurus): see DOI=10.1089/15368590477412975
- F26G8 (not yet in Cellosaurus): see DOI=10.1089/15368590477412975
- F26G18 (not yet in Cellosaurus): see DOI=10.1089/15368590477412975
- F26G19 (not yet in Cellosaurus): see DOI=10.1089/15368590477412975
- N-176-15 (CVCL_XA76)
- S-9-11 (CVCL_XA77)
Against nucleoprotein (N) [UniProtKB; P59595]